Consonants
Consonants are differentiated by manner and place of articulation, and by word-internal gemination. Plosives also have contrasting voice.
| labial | alveolar | retroflex | palatal | velar | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | p b | t d | c ɟ <j> | k g | ʔ <’> | |
| nasal | m | n | ŋ <q> | |||
| lateral | l | |||||
| tap | ɽ <r> | |||||
| fricative | f | s | ɕ <x> | h |
| stop | nasal | lateral / tap | fricative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| labial | p b | m | f | |
| alveolar / retroflex | t d | n | l ɽ <r> | s |
| palatal | c ɟ <j> | ɕ <x> | ||
| velar | k g | ŋ <q> | ||
| glottal | ʔ <’> | h |
This table shows the consonants phonemically, using the International Phonetic Alphabet. Where it differs from IPA, the transliteration is given in <triangular brackets>.
Capital or geminate glottal stops are transliterated with <ʔ>. Examples:
ba’u — usual word-internal glottal stop
nasiʔu — geminate word-internal glottal stop
’usu — usual glottal stop within sentence
ʔusu — capitalised glottal stop at beginning of sentence
ʔallisi — capitalised glottal stop for proper noun (Alice)
Stops
Stops are differentiated by voicing, although voiced consonants tend to be rarer than their voiceless counterparts.
The voiced stops are fully voiced word-internally and partially voiced word-initially. Voiced geminate stops are given breathy voice. Voiceless stops are lightly aspirated, which is suppressed in voiceless geminate stops.
Geminate stops are held for approximately twice as long as non-geminate stops.
Labials
The plosives /p/ and /b/ are bilabial.
pu’iba /pʰʉˈʔibə/ ぷいば ball
qapi /ˈŋapʰɨ/ げぴ rope
kuppu /ˈkʰupːʉ/ くっぷ be strong
bufi /ˈbufɨ/ ぶべ pebble
huba /ˈhubə/ ほば to live
kibba /ˈkʰibʱːə/ きっば stick
Alveolars
The plosives /t/ and /d/ are apical.
turassi /tʰʉˈɽasːɨ/ とらっせ redhead
-fi’atu /fɨʔatʰʉ/ べあと certain
matta /ˈmatːə/まった again
daru /ˈdaɽʉ/ だる road
xidu /ˈɕidʉ/ しど far away
kuddu /ˈkudʱːʉ/ くっど rain
Palatal
The plosives /c/ and /ɟ/ are laminal. In fast speech, they can approach the affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/.
cissa /ˈcʰisːə/ ちっさ air
xuci /ˈɕucʰɨ/ ずち feather
nacca /ˈnacːə/ なっや clothing
jagaru /ɟəˈgaɽʉ/ ぢがる sand
sajimu /səˈɟimʉ/ さじむ crack
majja /ˈmaɟʱːə/ まっぢ here
Velars
The velar plosives are /k/ and /g/.
ka’u /ˈkʰaʔʉ/ かう jump
’isaki /ʔɨsakʰɨ/ いさき company
nukki /ˈnukːɨ/ ぬっき strawberry
gurrisu /ˈgurːɨsʉ/ ぐっりす door
danagi /dənagɨ/ だなぎ decree
saggi /ˈsagʱːɨ/ さっぎ iron pyrites
Glottal
The glottal stop /ʔ/ is one of the most common sounds. Non-geminate glottal stops are often suppressed between unstressed vowels. The second of a geminate glottal stop becomes a palatal approximant /j/.
Nasals
There are nasal consonants at each of the places of articulation of the plosives. However, the palatal nasal is only found when geminating the alveolar nasal. Nasals are prototypically voiced. Geminate nasals are held for 1 ½ times as long as non-geminates.
Labial
The labial nasal /m/ is bilabial.
Alveolar
The alveolar nasal /n/ is apical. When geminated, this sound is palatal and laminal.
Velar
The nasal /ŋ/ is velar.
Liquids
The liquids are mainly differentiated by laterality. This language lacks phonemic glides. Like nasals, approximants are prototypically voiced, and geminates are held for 1 ½ times as long as non-geminates.
The consonant /l/ is lateral and apical. When geminated, this sound is laminal and palatal.
The consonant /ɾ/ is central, retroflex and sub-apical. When geminated, this sound becomes a trill.
lassi /ˈlasːɨ/ わっせ baby
kulu /ˈkʰulʉ/ くを fork
malliju /ˈmaʎːɨɟʉ/ まっえよ happiness
ru’iha /ɽʉˈʔihə/ るいは history
karafi /kʰəˈɽafɨ/ からべ enlightenment
qarri /ˈŋarːɨ/ げっり to open
Fricatives
Fricatives do not have complete closure of the vocal tract, but are formed with enough constriction to bring turbulence to the airstream.
Fricatives are prototypically voiceless. The lips remain unrounded for all fricatives unless followed or preceded by a rounded vowel. Geminate fricatives are held for 1 ½ times as long as non-geminates.
Labial
The fricative /f/ is realised as labiodental.
Alveolar
The fricative /s/ is apical.
Palatal
The palatal fricative /ɕ/ is laminal.
Glottal
The fricative /h/ is a voiceless sound. When geminate, it is pronounced as a palatal fricative.