Cisclass
These tend to derive words within a class, i.e.: a noun from a noun, or a verb from a verb.
Nominal Suffixes
These derive nouns from other nouns.
| inanimate base | abstract base | |
|---|---|---|
| animate | -rra っら | -sa / -ri り、さ |
| inanimate | -di / -ri り、で | |
| abstract | -ja / -tta / った、ぢ |
inanimate
abstract
The above table shows the suffixes used for deriving nouns between different animacy classes.
An animate noun is derived from an inanimate noun by the suffix -rra っら.
- tisakarra てさかっら townsperson
Both -sa さ and -ri り derive an animate noun from an abstract noun, however, these are not predictable. For instance, note the difference between diss·sa でっすさ youth and dissuri でっすり stranger. Other examples are:
The -ri り suffix also denotes people from a particular place.
- Tinalliri てなっえり Tinellbian
Words suffixed with -ri り have had their meaning extended to refer to instruments.
There is also a homophonous -ri り that denotes everything other than the stem.
The suffix -di で derives an inanimate noun from something abstract.
- sinnadi せっなで book
The suffix -ja ぢ derives an abstract noun from an inanimate count noun, whereas -tta った is used with inanimate mass nouns.
The suffix -la わ derives nouns that form part of their stem.
The suffix -lli っえ derives nouns that are the penultimate entry in a hierarchy.
The suffix -li え derives nouns which are somehow distinct from their stem.
The giver of the inanimate or abstract base is denoted by -mi み, receivers by -su す.
The animate user of an inanimate item is denoted by -nissa にっさ.
- taʔanissa たっあにっさ musician
Something considered as having the full set of identical items is denoted by ’i い.
The augmentative -aku 、あく is most often attached to nouns to reference something large or important. It is rarely used for people.
The suffix -ira 、いら intensifies its referent.
The diminutive -ini 、いに is used to form words which reference something small or unimportant. When used with animate nouns, it creates a word for the young of non-sapient creatures. However, with sapient creatures, this word is obscene.
There are two honorific suffixes, -fi べ for sacred things, and -ni に for exalted.
The pair -tu’i とい and -da だ are used to highlight the positive and negative aspects of a word, respectively.
The pair -hu ほ and -iju 、いよ create words with a directional sense, outwards and inwards respectively.
- malliju まっえよ happiness
Quasi-suffixes
Some nouns are so generic when forming compounds that they tend to end up acting as suffixes.
- tihutuja てほとぢ home
- nuhubatu ぬほばと book
- pannaxa’uxxi ぱっなざうっし army
Verbal Suffixes
These are only applied to verbs.
There are three suffixes (-illu 、いっを psv, -kka っか abv and -xa ざ dtv) that promote different noun phrases within a sentence to subject.
The suffix -ni に is used to derive inceptive verbs.
- ducini どちに to receive
The suffix -ulu 、うを denotes reversal of an action, and can only be applied to stem verbs.
The augmentative -ss·su っさす is used specifically for verbs.
- bi’uss·su びうっさす to really hurt
The suffix -ini 、いに shares its form with a similar suffix for nouns.
- bi’ini びいに to itch
Auxiliary Infix
The infix -ar- is placed before the final vowel of auxiliaries, and denotes an end to the action described by the sentence.
Mathematical Affixes
These are used in mathematics.
The prefix ki- き derives fractions.
- kinuru きぬる quarter
The prefix pa- ぱ denotes powers of 50 625 10 0000.
The suffix -hha っは, derived from the last two morae of qihha ねっは zero, denotes multiples of 15 10
The suffix -uju 、うよ derives ordinal numbers from cardinals. Negative numbers count from the end of the list.
kifuju きふよ third
muju むよ last
kannuju かっぬよ second-last