Adverbs

A closed subset of nouns can have an adverbial function. These adverbs can be used either as a verbal suffix or independently to describe the entire utterance. See also: Adverbial Clauses.

    • matta まった also
    • gicirri ぎちっり instead
    • naku なく together
    • basa ばさ unlawfully

Purpose

    • piddi ぴっで on purpose
    • riji りじ with effort
    • bata ばた carefully
    • hibu ひぶ allow oneself to
    • dumi どみ try to
    • danna だっな successfully
    • xaka ざか fail to
    • calla やっわ must
    • fuca ふや can
    • rita りた fated to
    • macu まゆ unexpectedly
    • xani ざに unwillingly
    • dukku どっく not by choice

Extent

    • dapi だぴ more than is necessary
    • famu へむ completely
    • rali らえ intensely
    • kupira くぴら in many different ways
    • ti’ici ていち to a certain extent
    • cikahi ちかひ to that extent
    • tuci とち barely
    • xibbuti しっぶて never again

Time

    • xuga ずが instantly
    • cidatu ちだと suddenly
    • karu かる commonly
    • gaqqu がっも usually
    • naru なる slowly
    • nigi にぎ quickly
    • dura どら repeatedly

Modals

These adverbs cannot be used as verbal suffixes, and can only describe an entire sentence.

Probability

These tell how likely an event is to have occurred, or to occur in the future.

    • ’ili いえ actually
    • da’aru だある experience
    • ’aqqi あっね predictably
    • fa へ maybe
    • tasi たせ probably
    • qaxa げざ predicted to
    • mica みや permitted to
    • nufira ぬべら want to
    • rixi りし would be better to

Evidence

These give the means by which the speaker gained information with regards to their utterance.

    • raqa らげ obviously
    • da だ clearly
    • jami ぢみ evidentially
    • qaffi げっべ seemingly
    • jati ぢて apparently
    • xakila ざきわ thought to be
    • lisina えせな by assumption
    • rafa らへ by hearsay

Emotion

These convey the feelings of the speaker towards the utterance or the listener.

    • pu’i ぷい incredulity (“I can’t believe it!”)
    • rapi らぴ disregard (“I don’t care!”)
    • tappa たっぱ seeking confirmation (“Isn’t it?”)
    • rani らに giving confirmation (“I agree.”)
    • qarihu げりほ regret (“I’m sorry I did this.”)
    • ’iba いば sympathy (“I’m sorry this happened.”)
    • tupi とぴ respect (“With all due respect…”)

Occasion

    • miru みる now
    • musa むさ today
    • laru わる this year
    • xima しま in the morning
    • tiri てり at noon
    • batari ばたり in the afternoon
    • dumi どみ at night
    • hami はみ at midnight
    • hamitirita はみてりた always

Numbers can be suffixed to denote other times.

    • musahha
    • むさっは
    • musa⁠-hha
    • day-zero
    • lit: “0-day”
    • “yesterday”
      • musara
    • むさら
    • musa⁠-ra
    • day-two
    • lit: “2-day”
    • “tomorrow”
      • larumu
    • わるむ
    • laru-mu
    • year-minus_one
    • lit.: “1-year”
    • “two years ago”